The article emphasises the importance of balancing forestry with biodiversity conservation, adapting to local traditions, socio-cultural contexts and management requirements, and rejecting a one-size-fits-all approach. Drawing on 32 European case studies, the article demonstrates how practical, region-specific solutions can reconcile timber production with ecosystem services and conservation objectives. It uses tools such as spider graphs to illustrate the various priorities involved. Key factors influencing integrative management include social expectations, intrinsic motivation and supportive policies; however, unrealistic demands and financial uncertainties can pose barriers. The article advocates flexible, locally tailored strategies that demonstrate that integrative management is feasible and already underway in Europe.
